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  • 2004.12.09 07:31
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"Korean Ministers, go home!"-Henry Seggerman

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"KOREAN MINISTERS, GO HOME!"

Listen, I love chowing down on the free Prime Rib at Le Cirque restaurant inside the Palace Hotel as much as the next guy, but enough is enough! I am sick and tired of various Korean ministers coming to the US to tell foreign investors to stay in the Korean market. Foreign ownership is already 44%, just about the highest level in the world. These guys should stop coming here and instead feed their propaganda to all those Koreans who hate the market and have been huge net sellers for three years. They should be lecturing Korean pension fund managers, who are only invested 6% in the local bourse - compared with 60% in England.

Don't worry so much, guys. Foreign investors will stay invested in the Korean stock market because Korea has great companies like Samsung Electronics. We don't need all these MOFE, MOCIE, MOFAT, MOIC, KOTRA, FSS, FSC, etc., salesmen parading through town any more to tell us to stay in the Korean stock market. With the market nearly half owned by foreigners, there's a note of panic and desperation in these relentless dog-and-pony shows. Instead, why not just save your airfare and tell some KOREANS to invest in their own stock market for a change? Pound the pavement in Kangnam, hop the KTX down to Pusan, get on the nightly news, whatever. If you guys got some Koreans to believe in their own stock market as much as us foreigners do, it would be trading at 1,850 instead of 850.

What really irritates me is not the spectacle of these hucksters clicking through tired out PowerPoint presentations over and over again, but that it's lip service concealing some nasty xenophobic demagoguery on the home front. Even the staid Financial Times in London is alarmed: "Instead of luring foreign investors in, a growing number of officials and business leaders are looking for ways to keep them out." ("South Korean Nationalism Slows Economic Reform," November 30).

Having successfully "whacked" maverick JT Kim, the FSS is now requiring all bank Directors to be Korean residents -- even the ten or so Texans on the Board of Lone Star's KEB. Not a day goes by without another speech decrying the evils of "Hot Money," "Hostile M&A," and "Greenmail" -- the perfidious influence of foreign investment in Korea. All these things are in fact healthy for stock markets, as they always keep managers focused on shareholder values. The inflammatory rhetoric really does Korea a great disservice. Korea's "Asian Hub" and "Intelligent City" will be ghost towns with xenophobia running amok like this!

Clearly, Korea suffers from some kind of love-hate relationship with its critically important foreign investors. Let's put the patient on the couch for a few minutes and try to work out a few anxieties and misconceptions -- mostly about shareholders and how they buy and sell their stocks:

Hot Money is Cool

Although Korea is way down the list in terms of per capita income, not to mention corruption, the KOSPI is the world's seventh most actively trading market. A few years ago, the KOSDAQ in particular sported a 1,100% turnover ratio. An actively traded market is evidence of a vibrant equity culture and gives credibility to equities as investment vehicles for all categories of investors, from Mr. & Mrs. Kim all the way up to Samsung Life. Since when was there a rule that only long-term investment was respectable? If a stock or a stock market is overheated, it's entirely respectable to lighten your position, and invest in another stock. Besides, if any country is to be found guilty of encouraging hot-money trading, it's Korea. This is where the rapid-fire, way-too-much-coffee, online trading phenomenon was invented, and has had the world's highest online trading proportion at all times since the first online trade was made.

Greenmail is Good

This applies to any listed company, anywhere in the world. Hey, it would be nice if all executives everywhere exercised perfect corporate governance, purely out of the goodness of their hearts. Since this is not the case, good corporate governance comes about in numerous ways, and greenmail is one of them, as follows: If a company invests in insolvent affiliates unrelated to its core business and falsifies its financial statements, its stock will probably trade at a PE ratio of 5x. So, it becomes a screaming BUY. Big fund managers gobble it up greedily. Now, no matter how little or how much stock you own, you are entitled to complain. If you own a lot and you complain a lot, a perception could emerge that you and other big shareholding complainers might gang up to get rid of the executives who made the bad investments and falsified the financial statements. As a result, the stock price may go up in speculation that a takeover based on actual assets and actual potential cash flows (rather than the dishonest executives - who wants them, anyway?).

In this scenario based on rumors only, since when were the fund managers required to make a tender buyout offer? Since when were they prohibited from selling anytime they want? After all, it was the company executives who made the bad investments and cooked the books; they brought this on themselves. The best proof of this is SK Telecom, which today has special director committees, with majority outside directors having absolute veto power over affiliate investments and other matters with troublesome histories, and as a result, is mostly reliable on a corporate governance level. With all due respect to Professor Jang, SK Telecom's special committees are in fact the direct result of a big fund manager greenmail campaign. Sure, the stock dipped when the fund cashed out, but it soon sprang back, and has done nicely since that time.

Hooray for Hostile M&A

From the October 28, 2004, Concluding Statement of the Article IV IMF Consultation Mission to Korea:

"¡¦the risk of hostile take-overs is actually quite small. For example, foreign portfolio investors rarely initiate take-overs. In fact, hostile take-overs of any kind are rare outside the United States, and for a good reason: unless the new owners can secure the loyalty of mid-level management and workers, it will be impossible for them to run taken-over firms successfully. Indeed, there are cases in Asia of owners who purchased firms after the 1998 crisis, only to return them after they have found they could not manage them¡¦"

I found the IMF's conclusion disappointing. Hostile M&A could be a very good thing for Korea, as it is the coldest, most rational market equalizing force. Once again, returning to the example above, if executives have made bad investments and falsified the financial statements, pushing the company PE ratio down to 5x, then strategic investors will see it as much as a screaming BUY as do fund managers. If they in fact move to the next stage, buy a controlling interest, and replace dishonest executives, then at last the company's shareholders and other stakeholders will have an opportunity to reap the promising rewards buried for many years in the company's neglected core competence.

Even if the new owners break up the company and sell off the assets to the highest bidders, shareholders could do quite well in a PE 5x scenario, where tangibles, receivables and financial assets alone will be worth far more than in the case of some triple-digit PE dot-commer. Hostile M&A also alleviates Korea's sluggish liquidation procedures, which impede economic growth. The IMF quite correctly complained that Korea's Unified Insolvency Bill is "languishing in the National Assembly." Korea still has far too many redundant, insolvent zombie companies propped up by ineffective management, an absence of lender credit analysis, and glacial bankruptcy courts. More expedited liquidation procedures, whether through corporate raider asset sales or the overdue passage of Insolvency Bill, are of critical importance to Korea's economic development. Of course, Korea must improve its stingy social safety net and workforce re-education system in tandem with this.

14.99% ¡Á 50.1% ¡¦

Given the IMF doubts on the reality of Hostile M&A quoted above, why is a polite request of a minority shareholder for a meeting to discuss amending corporate Articles for SK Corp. being portrayed widely as "Hostile M&A?" If Chey, Tae-Won hypothetically retired to some grandfatherly Emeritus post, that is certainly not the same as Sovereign taking control of the company. Sovereign only owns 14.99% of SK Corp, and can only seek consent for this individual adjustment. If a majority of the company's shareholders voted to amend the Articles per Sovereign's suggestion, it would only result in one change to the Board. The company's Board and its management could continue business as usual.

To really take control of the company, you need 50.1% of the stock. 14.99% just does not cut it. This confusion stems from a general failure to understand the meaning of the word "shareholder." If you hold a share of a company, what that means is that you hold a share of ownership, not a share of pie or a share of rice. If you own 50.1% of the shares, you have control of the company. The common use of the term "Major Shareholder" in Korea is wrong, as it suggests "majority" (50.1%), which is almost never the case.

¡¦ but 44% is almost = 50.1%

Korea has some very attractive companies to invest in. Because Koreans hate their own stock market so much, foreigners own 44% of the shares of ownership of all Korea's listed companies, virtually the highest level in the world -- and way over 50.1% of the good ones like Samsung Electronics. By way of contrast, foreigners only own 7% of Canadian listed companies and 7% of Brazilian listed companies. There is no juche spirit in South Korea's foreign-dominated stock market.

Foreigners it could be said want the companies they own to pay out bigger dividends; since foreigners' ownership stakes are often above 50.1%, Korean companies really should listen to these wishes and pay out bigger dividends. Likewise, foreigners prefer companies they own to focus on core competence and avoid bad investments; since they own so much, Korean companies should really follow this advice, too. And foreigners want Korean companies to boost operating profits, so this should become an important goal, as well.

An alternate scenario to this would be one in which Koreans owned 93% of their own stock market, like the Canadians and the Brazilians. In such an alternate scenario, conceivably those Korean holders of shares of ownership might push management to pay zero dividends, destroy value through foolish "deworsefication," and lose money - and, likewise, management would have to heed these wishes. However, Koreans are not stupid and do not want these things. If Koreans stop hating their own stock market and start buying stock, I for one believe they will require the companies they own to pursue precisely the same goals which foreign owners of shares want. Korean citizens are being urged to buy SK Corp. stock, to protect the company from evil foreigners. Maybe I'm naive, but I think the average Korean citizen or "White Knight" investor doesn't want a criminal convicted of falsifying financial statements and sentenced to prison, running the company he or she owns part of.

Don't Fear a Fear Rally

The IMF doubts on Hostile M&A quoted above make the current financial xenophobia irrational, even paranoid. Nonetheless, this fear does have a unexpected positive side-effect. Korea's crown jewel companies enjoy share price support, perversely due to a history of dilution and corporate governance abuse. Controlling shareholders have soaked the equity markets over and over again, based on a Monopoly-Money delusion that they could exercise control by manipulation, despite perilously anemic stakes, often below 5%, relying on the incorrect concept "Major Shareholder." They have also engaged in wanton, value-destroying malinvestment. Now, all that abuse is coming home to roost, as they discover malinvestment drives down the share price to bargain-basement levels, attracting international bottom-fishers like Sovereign. So, going forward, dilutive rights issues will be impossible for typical chronic corporate governance abusers, and executives will think twice before value destruction. For those many, many Korean companies which trade at discounts to international peers, we are seeing a great deal of share buybacks and other stake-boosting strategies in recent months.

Many believe the top Chaebol Lords over the decades have been quietly salting away tens of billions of dollars in offshore accounts through their trading companies. We may very well see offshore chaebol fortunes returning to Korea where they belong, to give founding shareholders more credible stakes in companies which are too thinly controlled after years of dilution and quasi-embezzlement. No stock market investor will ever argue against this. Add to that "White Knights," patriots, xenophobes, roomsalonistas, and just a modest 35% of Korean pension funds, and you have the makings of a great stock market rally. Bring 'em on!

Henry M. Seggerman is President of International Investment Advisers (IIA - //www.iiafunds.com), an investment management company which has focused exclusively on the Korean market for twelve years. Last year, IIA's Korea International Investment Fund (KIIF) was the top-performing Korea equity fund tracked by Standard & Poors. In its 3Q 04 edition, Barclay reported KIIF's three-year annualized return as 28%, and ranked it #6 amongst all Emerging Markets Asia funds.



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